eprintid: 2271 rev_number: 9 eprint_status: archive userid: 6 dir: disk0/00/00/22/71 datestamp: 2020-07-13 07:47:18 lastmod: 2020-07-13 07:47:18 status_changed: 2020-07-13 07:47:18 type: article metadata_visibility: show creators_name: Obermann, A. creators_name: Kraft, T. creators_name: Larose, E. creators_name: Wiemer, S. corp_creators: Swiss Seismological Service, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland corp_creators: Swiss Seismological Service, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland corp_creators: ISTerre, CNRS, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France corp_creators: Swiss Seismological Service, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland title: Potential of ambient seismic noise techniques to monitor the St. Gallen geothermal site (Switzerland) subjects: MP2 subjects: RS2 subjects: SG divisions: S4CE-1 full_text_status: none abstract: The failures of two recent deep geothermal energy projects in Switzerland (Basel, 2006; St. Gallen, 2013) have again highlighted that one of the key challenges for the successful development and operation of deep underground heat exchangers is to control the risk of inducing potentially hazardous seismic events. In St. Gallen, after an injection test and two acid injections that were accompanied by a small number of micro‐earthquakes (M L <0.2), operators were surprised by an uncontrolled gas release from the formation (gas kick). The “killing” procedures that had to be initiated following standard drilling procedures led to a M L 3.5 earthquake. With ambient seismic noise cross correlations from nine stations, we observe a significant loss of waveform coherence that we can horizontally and vertically constrain to the injection location of the fluid. The loss of waveform coherence starts with the onset of the fluid injections 4 days prior to the gas kick. We interpret the loss of coherence as a local perturbation of the medium. We show how ambient seismic noise analysis can be used to assess the aseismic response of the subsurface to geomechanical well operations and how this method could have helped to recognize the unexpected reservoir dynamics at an earlier stage than the microseismic response alone, allowed. date: 2015 date_type: published publication: Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth volume: 120 number: 6 publisher: John Wiley & Sons pagerange: 4301-4316 id_number: doi:10.1002/2014JB011817 issn: 2169-9313 official_url: https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JB011817 access_IS-EPOS: limited owner: Publisher citation: Obermann, A. and Kraft, T. and Larose, E. and Wiemer, S. (2015) Potential of ambient seismic noise techniques to monitor the St. Gallen geothermal site (Switzerland). Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 120 (6). pp. 4301-4316. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JB011817