eprintid: 2207 rev_number: 11 eprint_status: archive userid: 6 dir: disk0/00/00/22/07 datestamp: 2019-04-08 14:08:09 lastmod: 2019-04-08 14:08:09 status_changed: 2019-04-08 14:08:09 type: article metadata_visibility: show creators_name: Karamzadeh, Nasim creators_name: Kuhn, Daniela creators_name: Kriegerowski, Marius creators_name: Lopez-Comino, Jose Angel creators_name: Cesca, Simone creators_name: Dahm, Torsten creators_id: creators_id: creators_id: creators_id: creators_id: simone.cesca@gfz-potsdam.de creators_id: torsten.dahm@gfz-potsdam.de corp_creators: GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences Potsdam Germany, University of PotsdamPotsdamGermany corp_creators: Z German Research Centre for Geosciences Potsdam Germany, NORSAR Kjeller Norway corp_creators: GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences Potsdam Germany, University of PotsdamPotsdamGermany corp_creators: GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences Potsdam Germany, King Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwalKingdom of Saudi Arabia corp_creators: GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences Potsdam Germany, corp_creators: GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences Potsdam Germany, University of PotsdamPotsdamGermany title: Small-aperture array as a tool to monitor fluid injection- and extraction-induced microseismicity: applications and recommendations subjects: GN subjects: MP1 subjects: RP5 subjects: SHU divisions: SHEER divisions: SHEER-1 divisions: SHEER-4 full_text_status: none keywords: Microseismic monitoring Induced seismicity Array seismology Shallow borehole sensors abstract: The monitoring of microseismicity during temporary human activities such as fluid injections for hydrofracturing, hydrothermal stimulations or wastewater disposal is a difficult task. The seismic stations often cannot be installed on hard rock, and at quiet places, noise is strongly increased during the operation itself and the installation of sensors in deep wells is costly and often not feasible. The combination of small-aperture seismic arrays with shallow borehole sensors offers a solution. We tested this monitoring approach at two different sites: (1) accompanying a fracking experiment in sedimentary shale at 4 km depth and (2) above a gas field under depletion. The small-aperture arrays were planned according to theoretical wavenumber studies combined with simulations considering the local noise conditions. We compared array recordings with recordings available from shallow borehole sensors and give examples of detection and location performance. Although the high-frequency noise on the 50-m-deep borehole sensors was smaller compared to the surface noise before the injection experiment, the signals were highly contaminated during injection by the pumping activities. Therefore, a set of three small-aperture arrays at different azimuths was more suited to detect small events, since noise recorded on these arrays is uncorrelated with each other. Further, we developed recommendations for the adaptation of the monitoring concept to other sites experiencing induced seismicity. date: 2019 date_type: published publication: Acta Geophysica volume: 67 number: 1 publisher: Versita, Warsaw and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg pagerange: 311-326 id_number: doi:10.1007/s11600-018-0231-1 issn: 1895-6572 official_url: http://doi.org/10.1007/s11600-018-0231-1 access_IS-EPOS: limited owner: Publisher acknowledgments2: SHEER_project citation: Karamzadeh, Nasim and Kuhn, Daniela and Kriegerowski, Marius and Lopez-Comino, Jose Angel and Cesca, Simone and Dahm, Torsten (2019) Small-aperture array as a tool to monitor fluid injection- and extraction-induced microseismicity: applications and recommendations. Acta Geophysica, 67 (1). pp. 311-326. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11600-018-0231-1