TY  - JOUR
ID  - epos1912
UR  - https://episodesplatform.eu/eprints/1912/
IS  - 50
A1  - Lampe, David J.
A1  - Stolz, John F.
Y1  - 2015///
N2  - The Appalachian Basin is home to three major shales, the Upper Devonian, Marcellus, and Utica. Together, they contain signi?cant quantities of tight oil, gas, and mixed hydrocarbons. The Marcellus alone is estimated to contain upwards of 500 trillion cubic feet of natural gas. The extraction of these deposits is facilitated by a combination of horizontal drilling and slick water stimulation (e.g., hydraulic fracturing) or ?fracking.? The process of fracking requires large volumes of water, proppant, and chemicals as well as a large well pad (3?7 acres) and an extensive network of gathering and transmission pipelines. Drilling can generate about 1,000 tons of drill cuttings depending on the depth of the formation and the length of the horizontal bore. The ?owback and produced waters that return to the surface during production are high in total dissolved solids (TDS, 60,000?350,000 mg L¡1) and contain halides (e.g., chloride, bromide, ?uoride), strontium, barium, and often naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs) as well as organics. The condensate tanks used to store these ?uids can off gas a plethora of volatile organic compounds. The waste water, with its high TDS may be recycled, treated, or disposed of through deep well injection. Where allowed, open impoundments used for recycling are a source of air borne contamination as they are often aerated. The gas may be ?dry? (mostly methane) or ?wet,? the latter containing a mixture of light hydrocarbons and liquids that need to be separated from the methane. Although the wells can produce signi?cant quantities of natural gas, from 2?7 bcf, their initial decline rates are signi?cant (50?75%) and may cease to be economic within a few years. This review presents an overview of unconventional gas extraction highlighting the environmental impacts and challenges.
PB  - Taylor & Francis
JF  - Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A
KW  - Flowback
KW  -  horizontal drilling
KW  -  hydraulic fracturing
KW  -  shale play
KW  -  produced water.
SN  - 1093-4529
TI  - Current perspectives on unconventional shale gas extraction in the Appalachian Basin
SP  - 434
AV  - none
EP  - 446
ER  -