TY  - JOUR
ID  - epos1876
UR  - https://episodesplatform.eu/eprints/1876/
IS  - 04
A1  - King, G.E.
A1  - King, D.E.
Y1  - 2013/11//
N2  - Do oil and gas wells leak to the environment? This paper will show the great majority of wells do not pollute. The purpose of this paper is to explain basic concepts of well construction and illustrate differences between single-barrier failure in multiplebarrier well design and outright well-integrity failure that could lead to pollution by use of published investigations and reviews from data sets of more than 600,000 wells worldwide. For US wells, while individual-barrier failures (containment maintained and no pollution indicated) in a speci?c well group may range from very low to several percent (depending on geographical area, operator, era, well type, and maintenance quality), actual well-integrity failures are very rare. Well-integrity failure occurs when all barriers fail and a leak is possible. True well-integrityfailure rates are two to three orders of magnitude lower than single-barrier-failure rates. When one of these rare total-well-integrity failures occurs, gas is the most common ?uid lost. Common ?nal-barrier leak points are failed gaskets or valves at the surface and are easily and quickly repaired. If the failure is in the subsurface, an outward leak is uncommon because of a lower pressure gradient in the well than in outside formations. Subsurface leaks in oil and gas wells are rare, and routinely comprise exterior-formation salt water leaking into the well toward the lower pressure in the well. Failure frequencies are estimated for wells in several speci?c sets of environmental conditions (i.e., location, geologic strata, produced-?uid composition, and soils). Estimate accuracy depends on a suf?cient database of wells with documented failures, divided into (1) barrier failures in a multiple-barrier system that did not create pollution, and (2) well-integrity failures that created a leak path, whether or not pollution was created. Estimated failure-frequency comparisons are valid only for a speci?c set of wells operating under the same conditions with similar design and construction quality. Well age and construction era are important variables. There is absolutely no universal de?nition for well-failure frequency.
PB  - Society of Petroleum Engineers
JF  - SPE Production & Operations
VL  - 28
SN  - 1930-1863
TI  - Environmental Risk Arising From Well-Construction Failure?Differences Between Barrier and Well Failure, and Estimates of Failure Frequency Across Common Well Types, Locations, and Well Age
SP  - 323
AV  - none
EP  - 344
ER  -